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利用视觉情境范式揭示口语加工的时间进程 Visual world paradigm reveals the time course of spoken language processing 作者： 魏一璞 1 作者单位： 1. 北京大学对外汉语教育学院, 北京 100871 提交时间： 2023-10-09 摘要: 视觉情境范式是一种通过追踪、测量人眼在视觉物体上的注视轨迹来研究实时口语加工的眼动实验范式。该范式运用于语言理解类研究的理论基础是眼动连接假设(如: 协同互动理论、基于目标的连接假设理论等), 这些连接假设在眼动轨迹与口语加工进程之间建立起了有意义的关联。使用视觉情境范式所获取的数据能够为口语加工提供精确的时间信息, 常用的数据分析方法包括: 时间兴趣区内注视比例均值分析、分叉点分析、生长曲线分析等。该范式为研究词汇语音识别、句法解歧、语义理解、语篇语用信息加工等问题提供了关键性证据。 Abstract: The visual world paradigm (VWP) is a widely used tool in psycholinguistics to study the time course of spoken language processing (Cooper, 1974; Tanenhaus et al., 1995). In this paradigm, eye movements are tracked while participants listen to spoken language and view visual scenes, providing precise temporal information about the processing of words and sentences. As acoustic input unfolds, comprehenders' focus of attention on particular entities in the mental representations of spoken language changes, and their visual attention also shifts accordingly (Altmann Mirkovi, 2009). Such allocation of attention can be manifested in eye movements as overt behavioral data. Linking hypotheses of this field link eye movements in visual contexts with the mental representations of linguistic input. The coordinated interplay account proposed by Knoeferle and Crocker (2006, 2007) defines three phases in visually situated spoken language comprehension: integrating new words, searching for referents in visual contexts and matching linguistic input with objects and actions in the visual contexts. These three phases may take place sequentially or overlap with one another in time. An alternative linking hypothesis raised by Altmann and Mirkovi (2009), however, suggested that the processes of interpreting linguistic input and comprehending visual scenes are intertwined, as linguistic meanings and non-linguistic information (e.g., visual information and world knowledge) are stored in one unitary system and jointly contribute to the dynamic representation of situations. Salverda et al.'s (2011) goal-based linking hypothesis introduces a task-goal dimension into the theoretical model. That is, the goal of the task also affects language processing: Visual objects that are directly related to this goal would attract more attention; and additional tasks such as clicking or moving objects contribute to the goal structure of the task and directly influence eye movements. The assets visual world paradigm has brought to the field(i) the possibility to include a visual dimension in linguistic processing; (ii) a fine-grained time course measure of eye movements in real-time language comprehensionhave greatly expanded the range of experimental designs for language studies. As the VWP relies primarily on listening tasks and does not require subjects to have full literacy skills in reading, it can be applied to examine language processing in young children, second language learners, and people with specific language impairments.Dependent variables in a VWP experiment include fixation proportions, target ratio, latency of saccades, etc. Factors such as areas of interest, groups and experimental conditions can be included as independent variables. To make use of the fine-grained time-course data provided by the VWP, including a temporal dimension to the analytical models is crucial. While traditional analyses evaluate fixation/saccade differences between conditions during a time window (using t-test, ANOVA, and mixed-effect models), the divergent point analysis and cluster‑based permutation analysis are informative in detecting and comparing the emergence time of effects (Ito Knoeferle, 2022). The growth-curve analysis, on the other hand, models the changes of looks to an interest area over time (Mirman, 2008). Studies fueled by the VWP have revealed that language processing is incremental or even predictive, in contrast to the findings of earlier studies supporting delayed integration of language. At the early stage of word recognition, phonological cohorts compete with the target, and listeners may use phonetic information to anticipate upcoming words. The processing of semantic information in verb-argument and classifier-noun structures, for example, is highly incremental or anticipatory. Discourse processing, including referential processing and the comprehension of coherence relations, is also found to be immediate. In addition, the VWP has shown that the syntactic and pragmatic processing is in accordance with the constraint-based account (Trueswell et al., 1994)multiple types of information including syntactic structures and pragmatic implicatures, form constraints to language processing at the very early stage, alongside other constraints such as contextual features, visual information, world knowledge, etc.The VWP is limited in the sense that it cannot provide data on processing time and therefore cannot answer questions related to processing difficulties in language comprehension. Moreover, the VWP experiments can only present a limited number of static objects in visual space, which also differs from the complex visual environment of natural conversation. In experimental settings where only a limited number of objects are presented, listeners may anticipate linguistic input in advance and look strategically at certain objects (Henderson Ferreira, 2004; see counter-argument in Dahan Tanenhaus, 2004). Developments of the VWP are driven by both theoretical and technological advances. For future studies, investigating the role of task-goal in real-time language processing situated in visual contexts is important. Technological innovations such as virtual reality (VR) create comparatively natural communication scenarios while maintaining precise experimental control, largely improving the ecological validity of eye-tracking experiments using the VWP. 视觉情境范式 眼动追踪 口语加工 期刊： 心理科学进展 分类： 其他 >> 综合 投稿状态： 已在期刊出版 引用： ChinaXiv:202310.00242 (或此版本 ChinaXiv:202310.00242V1 ) DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2023.02050 CSTR:32003.36.ChinaXiv.202310.00242.V1 推荐引用方式： 魏一璞.(2023).利用视觉情境范式揭示口语加工的时间进程.心理科学进展.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2023.02050 版本历史 [V1] 2023-10-09 14:23:53 ChinaXiv:202310.00242V1 下载全文

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抢我姻缘？转身嫁暴君夺后位沈知念南宫玄羽沈南乔是(蓝九九)新书,这是一个现代人回到古代，回到一个完全没有任何超凡的真实世界，靠着将一切数据属性化的异能，慢慢崛起的故事。 精彩尽在抢我姻缘？转身嫁暴君夺后位沈知念南宫玄羽沈南乔

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王画将那五个生员推出来：“兰州资源环境职业技术大学写字

1995年5月1日，推出首张国语专辑《奶油情书》

已完结，中短篇！［爽文+团宠+穿书+爆笑+沙雕+有cp+读心术+修仙］周六六学人家御剑飞行，结果玩脱穿进修仙文里，成了炮灰宗门的一员。 知晓剧情的周六六以为，炮灰师兄姐会一个死的比一个惨，却不料，他们都能听见自己的心声。 面对全家被杀，坠入魔道惨死的大师兄，六六一脸同情：【大师兄快回家啊！女主把魔族往你家引了，再不回去，你家一百零八口人，都要命丧黄泉了啊！】 大师兄：？！ 一个传送阵，带着上万师兄弟闪现回家，把魔族人打的屁滚尿流。 面对憨厚老实，一心保护女主，却被女主推进岩浆的二师兄。周六六在心里尖叫。【二师兄，别离她那么近啊，她要推你进熔浆里当垫脚石啊！】 二师兄：？！ 反手一脚将女主踹进熔浆里，我先下手，你就是垫脚石！ 面对错爱女主，被夺去灵骨、形神俱灭的舔狗三师兄，六六恨铁不成钢：【三师兄，你傻叉啊，救你的根本就不是她，是你的青梅竹马！！】 三师兄：？！ 抢功劳？不要脸！反手一巴掌把女主扇到墙上！抠都抠不下来！ ...后来，那个阴郁小狗出现，周六六才知道，原来师兄姐都能读自己的心。原来……这不是书中世界，他们是为救她而来……

一万年后，冰化了。斗罗联邦科考队在极北之地科考时发现了一个有着金银双色花纹的蛋，用仪器探察之后，发现里面居然有生命体征，赶忙将其带回研究所进行孵化。蛋孵化出来了，可孵出来的却是一个婴儿，和人类一模一样的婴儿，一个蛋生的孩子。

同年，主演情感剧《大被同眠》，以及传奇剧《洪荒龙帝》；