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多元语言文化对个体情境下与社会情境下认知转换功能的差异性影响——来自锡伯族的证据 作者： 郭人豪 1 王婷 1 张积家 1 作者单位： 1. 中国人民大学心理学系、国家民委民族语言文化心理重点研究基地、教育部民族教育发展中心民族心理与教育重点研究基地, 北京 100872 提交时间： 2023-03-27 摘要: 多民族国家由多个民族和族群组成。个体处于各种民族关系或族群关系中, 需要与其他民族或族群的人协作。“西迁”使我国的锡伯族分居于新疆和东北, 走上了不同的发展道路。新疆锡伯族处于多元语言文化中, 不仅保留了本民族的语言和文字, 也汲取了周边民族的语言文化营养; 而东北锡伯族则与汉族融合, 逐渐失去了本民族的语言和文字, 转用汉语和汉字。采用经典认知转换任务和联合认知转换任务, 对比新疆锡伯族和东北锡伯族在个体情境下和社会情境下的认知转换功能差异, 探讨多元语言文化对个体情境下与社会情境下认知转换功能的影响。结果发现, 在个体情境下, 新疆锡伯族的转换代价更小; 在社会情境下, 新疆锡伯族的联合机制更容易被激活, 他们分配认知资源去表征同伴的任务, 自我-他人的整合程度更高, 转换代价更大。整个研究表明, 多元语言文化对认知转换功能具有不同的影响：促进个体情境下的认知转换功能, 降低社会情境下的认知转换功能。本研究的结果为多民族国家的文化和心理建设提供了重要启示。 Abstract: Humans are quintessentially social, yet much of cognitive psychology has focused on the individual, in individual settings. The literature on joint action is one of the most prominent exceptions. Joint-action research studies the sociality of our mental representations by examining how the tasks of other people around us affect our own task performance. Executive functions are a family of general-purpose cognitive processes that allow us to regulate cognition. The main executive functions are inhibition, shifting, and updating of working memory. Growing evidence suggests that executive functions can be automatically activated in non-social contexts as well as social ones. It is necessary to test whether people automatically engage in doing the tasks their partners do even when it requires executive functions. The Xibe is one of the ethnic groups in China, mainly inhabits Liaoning, Jilin, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The “westward migration” separated the Xibe in Xinjiang and Northeast China and embarked on different development paths. Xibe living in Xinjiang is in a multilingual culture, which not only retains the Xibe language (part of the Tungus-Manchu group of the Altaic phylum), but also absorbs the language and culture of the surrounding ethnic groups, such as the Uigur and Kazak. While the Northeast Xibe merges with the Han ethnic group and gradually loses their own ethnic culture and language. The present study investigates the influence of multi-language and multi-culture on social cognitive function, using a task-switching paradigm to examine one of the core executive functions, which is switching. In Experiment 1, the classical cognitive switching task was conducted to compare cognitive flexibility between the Xingjiang Xibe and the Northeast Xibe. Participants performed either a parity task (odd or even) or a magnitude task (bigger or smaller than 5), according to the frame around the number (diamond or square). The results showed that Xingjiang Xibe have smaller switch costs in the RT measure and greater accuracy. Experiment 2 employed socially relevant stimuli (faces) to tap into the switching flexibility between 2 types of categories (age and gender) and replicated the cognitive benefits of Xingjiang Xibe. These results showed that Xingjiang Xibe has the switching flexibility advantage in individual setting. Experiment 3 compared the switching flexibility of Xingjiang and Northeast Xibe using task-switching paradigm. A switching task was distributed between two participants. Each participant performed only one of the tasks, and did nothing on the trials of the other. In the social condition, two participants shared a computer. Each performed his task on his trials, and did nothing on the trials of the other participant. In the solo (control) condition, there was only one participant, who passively viewed the stimuli when it was not his turn. There were evident switch costs in the social condition and Xingjiang Xibe showed bigger switch costs compared with the Northeast Xibe, which meant they were more automatically engaged in this joint-action situation. It might be argued that, in the social condition, participants were distracted by the presence of a partner, or that they were sometimes uncertain about whose turn it was, and these factors lowered their efficiency. These costs are referred as turn-taking costs. In order to address this issue, Experiment 4 isolated turn-taking costs from task-switching costs by adding a condition in which two participants took turns, but they performed an identical task. This condition didn’t result in switch costs, indicating that costs in Experiment 3 should be interpreted as switching costs. Experiment 5 applied eye test to further prove that Xingjiang Xibe had strong individual tendency to understand the others’ intentions. In summary, the results showed that multilingualism and multiculturalism have different effects on cognitive switching function, positive effect in individual context and negative effect in social context. The results of this study provide important inspiration for the construction of a multi-ethnic country. 新疆锡伯族 东北锡伯族 联合行动 认知转换功能 期刊： 心理学报 分类： 心理学 >> 社会心理学 引用： ChinaXiv:202303.08659 (或此版本 ChinaXiv:202303.08659V1 ) DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.01071 CSTR:32003.36.ChinaXiv.202303.08659.V1 推荐引用方式： 郭人豪,王婷,张积家.(2023).多元语言文化对个体情境下与社会情境下认知转换功能的差异性影响——来自锡伯族的证据.心理学报.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.01071 版本历史 [V1] 2023-03-27 16:00:22 ChinaXiv:202303.08659V1 下载全文

【死亡预告】+【惊悚】+【悬疑】+【神奇物品】+【势力对抗】 一个月前，牧生在一场意外中死里逃生。 从此以后他的头脑里，总是会出现一些奇怪的死亡预告。 【五分钟后，你将会被一辆汽车撞死。】 【五分钟后，将会有一个女人，徒手掏出你的心脏。】 【五分钟后，你会被一个大型榨汁机，榨成“果汁”。】 …… 他厄运缠身，死亡总是围绕在他的身边。 直到他进入到一个叫做“异常事物调查所”的地方，成为一名调查员，在这里接触到一个又一个的奇怪封印物，才渐渐解开了藏在身体里的谜题。

重生改命，重塑六界！《逆西游之覆灭》燃爆来袭，用“氢弹”摧毁天界！ 六界并立，表面平静，实则暗潮翻涌。唐三藏意外发现，天界三大教——天庭、佛教、西方神教，竟是隐藏在光明背后的恶魔。他们封锁人类远古文明，将人间变成残酷的炼狱，肆意剥削压迫，让黑暗笼罩整个天地。 知晓真相的唐三藏，惨遭玉皇大帝毒手，含恨而亡。孙悟空、猪八戒、小白龙和沙僧也被篡改记忆，沦为天界帮凶，忘却了最初的信仰。 但命运并未就此沉沦，千年后，唐三藏奇迹般重生！他带着前世的记忆和对正义的执着，独自踏上了这条充满艰难险阻的复仇与救赎之路。一路上，凭借过人智慧和坚韧意志，他逐步揭开天界的层层黑幕。机缘巧合之下，与叛离天界的昔日徒儿们重逢，曾经的师徒情义，此刻化作对抗邪恶的强大力量。 为了推翻邪恶统治，主角团踏上了艰辛的成长征途。历经重重考验，获得太古武学秘籍，远古神兵，实力突飞猛进。 最终，历经无数苦战，主角团成功利用人类究极武器“氢弹”推翻天界的邪恶统治，打破旧秩序，建立新天界，让六界重归安宁。 《逆西游之覆灭》，带你走进奇幻冒险世界，感受热血战斗、真挚友情与曲折剧情的交织。快来跟随主角团的脚步，踏上逆天改命之旅，见证六界的重生与辉煌！

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不过也难怪，明眼人都看得出来，王昛政令不出开城，金朴二帅一南一北都是半壁江山，算下来倒是汉使既能长袖善舞兰州资源环境职业技术大学捭阖，又可以汉军强大的武力为后盾，如今汉使就是高丽的太上皇，正是炙手可热的人物呢！

如果此书侵犯了您的权益，请点击访问作者版权投诉快速通道 “新马太街17号，大李子烧烤店东三户人家……是这里了，小姐。” 从马具店出来，主从二人便打问着位置，找到了‘关飞鸿’的家，护卫装扮的女子莫兰上前敲响院门。 “你好！有人在家吗？” 院门未关，她便一边礼貌地叩着门，一边伸头向内探望，只见院中简单地钉了两个栓马桩，再便是大大小小十来个练功石锁，看起来更像骑手居所，又或是他们这些习武之人的布置…… 喜欢从拳愿暴打海贼王开始请大家收藏：(兰州资源环境职业技术大学)从拳愿暴打海贼王开始新乐文小说更新速度全网最快。

第三篇，说的却是锤炼元神的无上法门，用太阳真火淬炼巫士元神，名叫《鬼灭：身为奶妈暴打上弦很正常吧》

穿书+科幻毛绒绒】穿成书中0生育值f精神力的炮灰废雌，为了改变命运，时岚跑到偏远星当起了监狱长。 这里的监狱关押着精神力崩溃的顶级强者，前几任监狱长不堪重任跑得飞快，只留下满满加粗加红的监狱管理手册。 她以为接下来的工作困难满满，但没人告诉她，监狱内都是一个个大型毛绒绒。 一号监狱威风凛凛白狮，星际最受欢迎少将，表面温柔沉稳，背地里，“岚岚，可以多看看我吗？我也需要你的安抚……” 二号监狱惊艳绝美极乐鸟，帝国四大家族少主之一，向来眼高于顶，自恋臭美，却暗戳戳跳起了求偶舞，“时岚，喜欢吗？” 三号监狱寡言少语高冷黑豹，帝国原继承人大皇子，传闻不近女色，实际上，“岚岚，我也会翻跟头。” 四号监狱口嫌体正直毛绒绒兔狲，帝国四大家族少主之一，说话龇牙咧嘴气势汹汹，她一碰却呜哇呜哇撒娇，“岚岚，有本事再摸一下……嗷呜……” 五号监狱华美高贵九尾红狐，帝国招安前星际海盗首领，传闻最是心狠手辣心机深沉，却一脸温柔道，“岚岚，其他兽人会像我一样有九条尾巴给你摸吗？” 前几任监狱长水深火热，时岚面对毛绒绒们争宠手足无措……

昨日在杞都面对诸多高手兰州资源环境职业技术大学捭阖，高谈阔论的少丘，直到一个人面对这浩茫的天地，才陡然感觉到，面对心上人的安危，面对这无可预测的天地与命运，当真想笑都笑不出来。

听他的话我真的动了心，兰州资源环境职业技术大学识字了。