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利用视觉情境范式揭示口语加工的时间进程 Visual world paradigm reveals the time course of spoken language processing 作者： 魏一璞 1 作者单位： 1. 北京大学对外汉语教育学院, 北京 100871 提交时间： 2023-10-09 摘要: 视觉情境范式是一种通过追踪、测量人眼在视觉物体上的注视轨迹来研究实时口语加工的眼动实验范式。该范式运用于语言理解类研究的理论基础是眼动连接假设(如: 协同互动理论、基于目标的连接假设理论等), 这些连接假设在眼动轨迹与口语加工进程之间建立起了有意义的关联。使用视觉情境范式所获取的数据能够为口语加工提供精确的时间信息, 常用的数据分析方法包括: 时间兴趣区内注视比例均值分析、分叉点分析、生长曲线分析等。该范式为研究词汇语音识别、句法解歧、语义理解、语篇语用信息加工等问题提供了关键性证据。 Abstract: The visual world paradigm (VWP) is a widely used tool in psycholinguistics to study the time course of spoken language processing (Cooper, 1974; Tanenhaus et al., 1995). In this paradigm, eye movements are tracked while participants listen to spoken language and view visual scenes, providing precise temporal information about the processing of words and sentences. As acoustic input unfolds, comprehenders' focus of attention on particular entities in the mental representations of spoken language changes, and their visual attention also shifts accordingly (Altmann Mirkovi, 2009). Such allocation of attention can be manifested in eye movements as overt behavioral data. Linking hypotheses of this field link eye movements in visual contexts with the mental representations of linguistic input. The coordinated interplay account proposed by Knoeferle and Crocker (2006, 2007) defines three phases in visually situated spoken language comprehension: integrating new words, searching for referents in visual contexts and matching linguistic input with objects and actions in the visual contexts. These three phases may take place sequentially or overlap with one another in time. An alternative linking hypothesis raised by Altmann and Mirkovi (2009), however, suggested that the processes of interpreting linguistic input and comprehending visual scenes are intertwined, as linguistic meanings and non-linguistic information (e.g., visual information and world knowledge) are stored in one unitary system and jointly contribute to the dynamic representation of situations. Salverda et al.'s (2011) goal-based linking hypothesis introduces a task-goal dimension into the theoretical model. That is, the goal of the task also affects language processing: Visual objects that are directly related to this goal would attract more attention; and additional tasks such as clicking or moving objects contribute to the goal structure of the task and directly influence eye movements. The assets visual world paradigm has brought to the field(i) the possibility to include a visual dimension in linguistic processing; (ii) a fine-grained time course measure of eye movements in real-time language comprehensionhave greatly expanded the range of experimental designs for language studies. As the VWP relies primarily on listening tasks and does not require subjects to have full literacy skills in reading, it can be applied to examine language processing in young children, second language learners, and people with specific language impairments.Dependent variables in a VWP experiment include fixation proportions, target ratio, latency of saccades, etc. Factors such as areas of interest, groups and experimental conditions can be included as independent variables. To make use of the fine-grained time-course data provided by the VWP, including a temporal dimension to the analytical models is crucial. While traditional analyses evaluate fixation/saccade differences between conditions during a time window (using t-test, ANOVA, and mixed-effect models), the divergent point analysis and cluster‑based permutation analysis are informative in detecting and comparing the emergence time of effects (Ito Knoeferle, 2022). The growth-curve analysis, on the other hand, models the changes of looks to an interest area over time (Mirman, 2008). Studies fueled by the VWP have revealed that language processing is incremental or even predictive, in contrast to the findings of earlier studies supporting delayed integration of language. At the early stage of word recognition, phonological cohorts compete with the target, and listeners may use phonetic information to anticipate upcoming words. The processing of semantic information in verb-argument and classifier-noun structures, for example, is highly incremental or anticipatory. Discourse processing, including referential processing and the comprehension of coherence relations, is also found to be immediate. In addition, the VWP has shown that the syntactic and pragmatic processing is in accordance with the constraint-based account (Trueswell et al., 1994)multiple types of information including syntactic structures and pragmatic implicatures, form constraints to language processing at the very early stage, alongside other constraints such as contextual features, visual information, world knowledge, etc.The VWP is limited in the sense that it cannot provide data on processing time and therefore cannot answer questions related to processing difficulties in language comprehension. Moreover, the VWP experiments can only present a limited number of static objects in visual space, which also differs from the complex visual environment of natural conversation. In experimental settings where only a limited number of objects are presented, listeners may anticipate linguistic input in advance and look strategically at certain objects (Henderson Ferreira, 2004; see counter-argument in Dahan Tanenhaus, 2004). Developments of the VWP are driven by both theoretical and technological advances. For future studies, investigating the role of task-goal in real-time language processing situated in visual contexts is important. Technological innovations such as virtual reality (VR) create comparatively natural communication scenarios while maintaining precise experimental control, largely improving the ecological validity of eye-tracking experiments using the VWP. 视觉情境范式 眼动追踪 口语加工 期刊： 心理科学进展 分类： 其他 >> 综合 投稿状态： 已在期刊出版 引用： ChinaXiv:202310.00242 (或此版本 ChinaXiv:202310.00242V1 ) DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2023.02050 CSTR:32003.36.ChinaXiv.202310.00242.V1 推荐引用方式： 魏一璞.(2023).利用视觉情境范式揭示口语加工的时间进程.心理科学进展.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2023.02050 版本历史 [V1] 2023-10-09 14:23:53 ChinaXiv:202310.00242V1 下载全文
都市异能
战战兢兢的日向镜，终于得到了梦寐以求的宝物...在宝蓝色的转生眼中，火影的世界究竟是什么样的呢？ 您要是觉得《强敌塞尔维亚》还不错的话请不要忘记向您QQ群和微博微信里的朋友推荐哦！
健康
灭世吧，兰州资源环境职业技术大学吧，当神吧，把天下间所有反派都会有的责任感使命感加到自己身上先
无敌流
杨帆继承了郊区一栋破楼，本想当包租公躺平。结果第一个租客是吸血鬼，用冥币交租。第二个是狼人，月圆之夜嚎得邻居报警。第三个是丧尸，在阳台晾“面膜”被当凶案现场。后来租客越来越多：幽灵、猫娘、龙族、僵尸、龟精、鹿蜀、石像鬼、狐妖、影妖、龙女……还有一只会说话蘑菇和一只八条腿的蜘蛛。以及一个傻白甜精灵，逃婚逃到了他的公寓里。特殊部门的老杨说：“你现在是编外人员了，这栋楼归你管。”杨帆：
豪门
闪耀着凶厉气息的紫剑浮在紫棺之上，戾气尽显，霸气兰州资源环境职业技术大学！
萌系
【评分刚刚出，后续会涨】【欢迎义父们品鉴】 身高两米，体重400斤，当陈方顶着“死胖子”的嘲讽走进湖人试训场时，科比的眼神充满了鄙夷：“我需要的是沙袋，不是一坨跑不动的肉。” 可他们不知道，陈方绑定了【超级重坦系统】，体重越重，力量越猛，体能无限！ 当他背身单打，仅用屁股就将250磅的壮汉中锋撞飞出底线，再挂着人暴力隔扣，让篮架发出痛苦哀鸣时，整个联盟都疯了！ 禅师菲尔·杰克逊狂喜：“我们失去了鲨鱼，但得到了一头哥斯拉！” 科比在亲自撞上这堵肉山，被震得气血翻涌后，眼神从鄙夷化为狂热：“这家伙……是怪物！” 从此，NBA画风彻底跑偏！ 小球战术？抱歉，我一屁股坐穿你的禁区！铁血防守？【野蛮冲撞】下，联盟最硬的本·华莱士都被撞得人仰马翻！ 当陈方在圣诞大战挂着奥尼尔完成惊天隔扣时，全世界才明白，一个400斤的禁区魔王，究竟有多么不讲道理！
装逼
宁天穿越蓝星，家世惊人。 爷爷是东南七省大总督，防卫武圣之一。 二爷爷和三爷爷都是九品武王。 爸爸曾是神龙帝国最年轻的武将。 穿越十年，才获得系统。 但系统居然让他结婚，结婚就能获得奖励。 而且对方的天赋越高，那么他获得的奖励也就越丰富。 那没办法了，只能挑选东南大学校花夏月薇了。 不答应可不行啊，我们宁家可是庞然大物啊。 “叮！新婚第一天，获得混沌神体。” 当宁天查看混沌神体的作用时，他惊呆了。 SSS级天赋算个毛啊，混沌神体直接秒杀得渣渣都不剩。 就结个婚，就获得如此逆天的奖励。 “叮！新婚第二天，获得黄泉剑意。” 看着第二天获得的奖励，宁天知道他用不了多久就会无敌于蓝星了。 当空间战场崩塌，万族大举入侵时。 宁天出现了，他杀得万族丢盔弃甲，杀得万族抱头鼠窜，屁滚尿流！ 夏月薇眼睛睁大，呆愕万分的说道： “这是我老公？”
权谋争霸
顾瑾之出生于中医世家，嫁入豪门，风光无限又疲惫不堪地走完了她的一生。 等她发现自己没有死，而是变成了古代贵族仕女时，厌烦就浮上心头 再等她再看到和自己前世丈夫长得一模一样的男人时，她撇撇嘴。 人生这潭平静的湖水，这才起了点滴涟漪.......
盗墓
第2005章色情《凌霄仙母录(凌硕)番外+大结局》之武当肏殷素素 看着颜丹晨一手握着王泽杰的大肉棒，不断的时快时慢套弄着，一边用着小嘴含着王泽杰的大肉棒吸吮着，她不断的用舌尖轻吮着王泽杰龟头上的马眼，又用嘴将王泽杰整个龟头吸住。
小说
你看到走出去的那几个女孩子没有，也都是来买《她又手滑啦》的
词典
一缕青峰
南康，湘江水冷
什么地方啊？
真好 是HE！
仍然是熟悉的感觉，从头笑到尾。巫哲深厚的叙事笔力让我在看的时候脑子里不停闪过书中的画面，很鲜活，就像我见过了他们一样。上次看已经是5年前了，那会儿还是初三中考完的暑假，刚开始看bl小说，一本接一本，看的都是刷到的火的文，轻狂就是其中之一。那会儿还是在追求数量的阶段，刚打开新世界的大门迫不及待汲取更多的感觉，都没细细品味过。当时如饥似渴地看完什么感受也忘了，好像只记得几个关键：徒步，学渣，鬼楼，徐知凡校前50，校篮队长，解救妇女，寇老二一起考试，具体情况忘得一干二净了。现在已经是大二了，再看还是会为他们的爱情激动，再去看具体细节时才又折服在巫哲笔下。之前没有很深体会的一些社会，学校教育，家庭教育问题现在看感受深刻。老袁的很多观点（也相当于巫哲的很多观点）都很值得深思，比如关于早恋的问题，确实又让我从一个新的角度看了。还有老袁对寇忱老爸说的话，我更是连连点头，因为我妹妹现在就遇到类似问题了。说回巫哲的笔力，毋庸置疑，很能带动起我的情绪。看他们运动会激动紧张，赢了也是高兴不已，看他们考试紧张，看寇忱和老爸关系缓和感动眼眶一热，家长们看信那儿也眼眶一热，寇忱离家出走和霍然再见到后我又眼眶一热……这种眼眶一热的情景还有很多，只是一热没眼泪掉下来是因为在公共场合，要晚上一个人早稀里哗啦了。然后就是那一点瑕疵，一些刻板印象言论，这个无可厚非，5年前我看的时候好像也没意识到呢，现在才敏感起来。看到评论区很多姐妹也是，很开心。没有上升作者人身攻击的，承认作者的时代局限性，特定时代的产物。要是因为过去作者受环境影响，没早觉醒写下这些现在看来“厌女”的文字就把作者过去的肯定方面以及现在的全部都否定还是有些二极管思维的。总之，我真是太爱巫哲的文字了，看到这本那么多联动真的很激动，期待巫哲更多内容。
下边评论都是指责原受的，对渣攻的谩骂很少，看了会生气的别往下翻了