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预测性对快速读者和慢速读者词汇加工的影响 作者： 张慢慢 1,2,3 胡惠兰 2 张志超 2 李鑫 2 汪强 1,2,3 白学军 1,2,3 臧传丽 1,2,3 作者单位： 1. 教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地天津师范大学心理与行为研究院 2. 天津师范大学心理学部 3. 学生心理发展与学习天津市高校社会科学实验室 通讯作者： 白学军 Email:bxuejun@126.com 臧传丽 Email:zangchuanli@163.com 提交时间： 2022-06-27 摘要: 本研究借助眼动仪通过两个实验考察了熟练阅读中快速读者与慢速读者对语境预测性的利用是否有差异。实验1比较快速组与慢速组在中央凹加工高、低预测词的差异。实验2对比两组利用副中央凹预视（相同、相似假字、低预测词和不相似假字）加工高预测词的差异。实验1结果显示两组读者有相似的预测性效应：对高预测词的注视时间比低预测词更短。实验2结果显示两组的预视效应存在差异：慢速组在相同预视下对目标词的跳读率高于低预测预视，而快速组在两种预视下的跳读率差异不明显但高于慢速组；慢速组在低预测和不相似预视下注视目标词的时间分别长于相同预视，而快速组的这两种效应较小。结果表明，两组读者利用预测性的差异表现在副中央凹加工阶段，即慢速读者比快速读者利用相似预视激活预测性信息的效率更低，且在低预测或无效预视下对词汇的识别和语义整合更困难，这说明慢速读者在词汇加工中更依赖语境且对无关信息的抑制更弱。这些结果支持词汇质量假说。 Abstract: According to the lexical quality hypothesis, high proficient (fast) readers have well-specified lexical representations which enable automatic word identification and less context decoding (Andrews, 2015; Perfetti, 2007), while low proficient (slow) readers rely on context for word identification during reading due to their imprecise lexical quality. In contrast, the predictive coding framework assumes that high proficient readers rely more on their reading experience to predict the upcoming context compared to low proficient readers (Hawelka et al., 2015). However, it is still unclear how skilled readers with different levels of reading proficiency rely on context information (e.g., predictability) for word processing during Chinese reading. In two experiments, the present study aimed to investigate individual differences in the use of predictability for word identification by using the eye-tracking technique. In Experiment 1, eye movements of fast and slow readers were recorded while they were reading sentences containing predictable or unpredictable target words, with the aim to investigate the differences in predictability effects between the two groups. Sixty pairs of predictable-unpredictable target words were selected, each of which was embedded into the same sentence frame. Fifteen fast and 15 slow readers, selected from a group of 66 participants based on their reading rates, participated in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, parafoveal previews of the 60 predictable target words (identical word, visually similar pseudocharacter, unpredictable word or visually dissimilar pseudocharacter) were manipulated by using the boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) to explore how parafoveal preview influences processing of predictability information in the fast and slow readers. The eye movements of 20 fast and 20 slow readers, selected from a group of 80 participants on the basis of their reading rates, were recorded while they were reading sentences containing predictable target words with different previews in Experiment 2. The results showed that fast readers fixated shorter and less on the target words and were more likely to skip the target words than slow readers. In Experiment 1, although reliable predictability effects with shorter fixations for predictable than unpredictable words were found, it did not interact with reading groups. However, results in Experiment 2 showed robust parafoveal preview effects on the target word which interacted with reading groups. In particular, the two groups had the same first-pass fixation times (i.e., FFD, SFD, GD) at the target words under the identical previews, while slow readers made longer fixations than fast readers at the targets with unpredictable previews or unrelated previews. In addition, fast readers skipped target words at a similar probability under both the identical preview and unpredictable preview conditions, while slow readers were less likely to skip target words with unpredictable previews than identical previews. The current findings indicate that fast and slow readers rely on context to a similar degree during their foveal lexical processing whereas the two groups show different utilization of previews of the predictable word during their parafoveal processing. To be specific, compared to fast readers, slow readers are inefficient in activating the predictable word with a visually similar preview; moreover, slow readers are disturbed more by the unpredictable preview or the visually dissimilar preview for their lexical processing, which suggests that slow readers are less effective in suppressing unrelated or inappropriate information during reading. Such findings provide evidence for the lexical quality hypothesis (Perfetti, 2007) and are in support of the linguistic-pro?ciency hypothesis related to individual differences in the E-Z reader model (Reichle et al., 2013). 预测性 中央凹加工 副中央凹预视 快速读者 慢速读者 中文阅读 来自： 张慢慢 分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 引用： ChinaXiv:202206.00179 (或此版本 ChinaXiv:202206.00179V1 ) doi:10.12074/202206.00179 CSTR:32003.36.ChinaXiv.202206.00179.V1 推荐引用方式： 张慢慢,胡惠兰,张志超,李鑫,汪强,白学军,臧传丽.(2022).预测性对快速读者和慢速读者词汇加工的影响.中国科学院科技论文预发布平台.[ChinaXiv:202206.00179] 版本历史 [V1] 2022-06-27 18:21:11 ChinaXiv:202206.00179V1 下载全文

2001年，参与拍摄了张纪中版的《【电竞】信息素说我们天生一对》

【爽+高燃+装逼+温馨+搞笑+轻松】 师尊去世，谢子夜的师弟师妹们坐不住了，都想将他除之而后快。 七师弟元婴，六师妹化神，五师弟炼虚……而身为大师兄的谢子夜才是炼气。 该怎么办？ 呵呵……既然如此，那我也只好开金手指了。 你强任你强，身为你们的大师兄，有个金手指在身，打不过我，很合理吧。

别人穿越，十年寒窗，悬梁刺股，就为金榜题名时。 我，林知节皇帝：“先生大才！可愿入朝为官，为朕分忧？” 我（谦虚摆手）：“为官太累，只想当个咸鱼。” 皇帝（沉思片刻）：“既如此，先生便当个主考官吧！” os：“一年只上两个月班，清闲，俸禄高，还不用打卡。这福气好像可以要一下？” 于是，大梁朝的科举，画风开始跑偏了。 考八股文？不，我们考《论持久战》分析敌国策略。 考诗词歌赋？太虚，来一篇《关于大梁五年计划的可行性报告》。 考生A：“主考官大人，学生写的‘赋税改革三策’，为何被评为丁下？” 我（红笔批注）：“数据呢？模型呢？没有田野调查就敢提改革？重写！” 考生B：“大人，我这篇文章引经据典，文采斐然，为何不中？” 我：“通篇不说人话，不说解决方案，光会喊口号画大饼，你去写公众号文章吧。” 从此，大梁朝堂上，出现了一批会写代码、会搞基建、会做PPT、甚至会心理疏导的“新式”官员。 面对敌国挑衅，我的门生们掏出了沙盘和概率论。 面对天灾人祸，我的门生们建立了“大数据预警系统”。 皇帝看着蒸蒸日上的国库和瑟瑟发抖的敌国，拉着我的手，热泪盈眶：“先生，要不……你再当当别的官？” 我：“谢邀，主考官年假还没休完，勿扰。”

……架空，平行空间。 退役后的古兰，再睁眼到了个陌生的地方。 身上还趴着一个睡着还一直喊娘的小包子。 ……所以她这是……直接当娘了……。 ……什么？代你拯救儿子并抚养长大。 ……什么？不同意下场直接消失。 ……好吧！好死不如赖活着，看着瘦弱的大头小包子，古兰默了。 ……自此后她开始了带娃的苦逼生活。

【轻松欢乐，反派，修罗场，反套路，逆师冲徒，病娇师妹，倒追，全员一周目，不喜慎入】 秦天穿越仙古世界，成为问道仙宗神霄峰大师兄。 明明尊师重道、厚“德”载物，却有一个不靠谱的《反派求生》系统，说他是反派，会惨死在天命之子手中。 看着那100%拉满、根本打不过、猛到离谱的主角光环，身为炮灰反派的秦天只能艰难求生，准备跑路。 然而，发现秦天要跑，女主们开始不对劲—— 二师妹：该死的蚼蛆，都怪你，你不来大师兄就不会想走，毒死你，毒死你…… 三师妹：师兄，喜欢！臭虫，去死！ 四师妹：等大师兄离开，我悄悄绑架他，这样大师兄就只属于我一个人了…… 冰冰师尊：不愧是天儿，跑路都这般帅气潇洒，令人魂牵梦萦。 秦天：？？？ “你们是女主啊！怎么全追我一个反派？” “系统，这对么？”

私设夏油杰没有发动百鬼夜行，所以没有被脑花夺舍。 咒术高专！最强组合五条悟、夏油杰入学！ 殊不知，未来挚友将反目，世界倾覆在即！ 坏消息：命运轨迹已定！ 好消息：活了千年的神狐八重神子，带着无上咒力降临！ 非人非咒灵！她随手一击便是灭绝神雷，一眼便是万象幻境！ 三株“杀生樱”式神自动索敌，特级咒灵瞬息净化！ “区区六眼？不过是小把戏。” 神子戏谑五条悟。 “拯救苍生就要杀光普通人？少年，你的路走窄了！” 她点醒迷茫的夏油杰！ 天与暴君来袭？千年幻术教他做人！ 夏油杰险些叛逃？神子一言逆转未来，百鬼夜行消弭于无形！ 宿傩？羂索？在她千年布局面前，不过跳梁小丑！ 这位最古的神狐宫司，究竟是救世主，还是…？！

若空在《感觉这个假人伏如笔希望我猜错了》里的表现堪称完美，不过这家伙却是个情种，传统势力知道他现实身份后用了美人计，在双方争斗的关键时刻，若空被自己心爱的女人背叛而大败亏输